Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Winter Landscape with Skaters and Bird Trap
1565
Oil on panel, 37 x 55,5 cm
Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
1565
Oil on panel, 37 x 55,5 cm
Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
2009/12/20
2009/12/19
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes
Dog half-submerged
1821-23
131 cm x 79 cm
Donation, Baron Émile d'Erlanger, 1881
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The mural paintings that decorated the house known as “la Quinta del Sordo,” where Goya lived have come to be known as the Black Paintings, because he used so many dark pigments and blacks in them, and also because of their somber subject matter. The private and intimate character of that house allowed the artist to express himself with great liberty. He painted directly on the walls in what must have been mixed technique, as chemical analysis reveals the use of oils in these works.
The Baron Émile d'Erlanger acquired “la Quinta” in 1873 and had the paintings transferred to canvas. The works suffered enormously in the process, losing a large amount of paint. Finally, the Baron donated these paintings to the State, and they were sent to the Prado Museum, where they have been on view since 1889.
This scene decorated one of the walls alongside the door of the upper floor. The dog's head appears behind a large area of color which Goya didn't define. He is in front of an empty and naked space and looks forward toward something or someone outside the composition.
This piece has been related with the idea of the inevitability of death and is, beyond doubt, the most enigmatic of the Black Paintings.
Despite the multiple explanations offered by art historians, these works continue to be mysterious and enigmatic, yet they present many of the esthetic problems and moral considerations appearing in Goya's works.
The mural paintings from “la Quinta del Sordo” (the Black Paintings), have been determinant in the modern-day consideration of this painter from Aragon. The German Expressionists and the Surrealist movement, as well as representative of other contemporary artistic movements, including literature and even cinema, have seen the origins of modern art in this series of compositions by an aged Goya, isolated in his own world and creating with absolute liberty. (Source: Museo Nacional del Prado)
The Baron Émile d'Erlanger acquired “la Quinta” in 1873 and had the paintings transferred to canvas. The works suffered enormously in the process, losing a large amount of paint. Finally, the Baron donated these paintings to the State, and they were sent to the Prado Museum, where they have been on view since 1889.
This scene decorated one of the walls alongside the door of the upper floor. The dog's head appears behind a large area of color which Goya didn't define. He is in front of an empty and naked space and looks forward toward something or someone outside the composition.
This piece has been related with the idea of the inevitability of death and is, beyond doubt, the most enigmatic of the Black Paintings.
Despite the multiple explanations offered by art historians, these works continue to be mysterious and enigmatic, yet they present many of the esthetic problems and moral considerations appearing in Goya's works.
The mural paintings from “la Quinta del Sordo” (the Black Paintings), have been determinant in the modern-day consideration of this painter from Aragon. The German Expressionists and the Surrealist movement, as well as representative of other contemporary artistic movements, including literature and even cinema, have seen the origins of modern art in this series of compositions by an aged Goya, isolated in his own world and creating with absolute liberty. (Source: Museo Nacional del Prado)
Lajos Gulácsy
(1882-1932)
Nakonxipánban hull a hó (Egynapos hó)
1910 körül
(1882-1932)
Nakonxipánban hull a hó (Egynapos hó)
1910 körül
It is snowing in Nakonxipan (One-day Snow)
Oil, canvas, 96,5x48 cm
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Gulácsy began his studies in Budapest but in fact he learnt on his own. He studied in Rome, Florence and Paris in 1902. He visited Italy several times and painted the medieval and renaissance atmosphere of Italian towns. His works were poetic manifestations of a dreamworld ("The Song of a Rose Tree", "A Florence Tragedy", etc.).
When the First World War began, he suffered a nervous break-down in Venice and from that time on he was treated in psychiatric sanatoriums on several occasions of which he became a resident from 1917 until his death. He painted surrealistic pictures of people living in Naconxipan, a dream world, with delicate colours ("Dream of an Opium Eater", "Chevalier aux Roses"). Losing his eyesight in 1924 put an end to painting. He painted pictures which were Hungarian versions of pre-raffaelitism combined with surrealism.(hung-art)
The exceptionality of Gulácsy's art first was recognised by the then contemporary representatives of Hungarian literature. Among others, Kosztolányi and Gyula Juhász, Artúr Keleti and Sándor Weöres drew inspiration from the lyrical, bizarre world of Gulácsy's pictures. The writers were rambling in the poetic world and among the strange figures of the pictures with more enthusiasm than the critics; their wanders were transformed into poems and stories several times. Gulácsy's works were not born from a clear picturesque experience; they came from the depth of his conscious. The inner experience did not only take the form of a picture but also that of a short story. The picture presented here is an excellent example to show how writing and painting, text and visuality dovetails in Gulácsy's oeuvre. As Kosztolányi wrote about the artist, 'The poet took the brush out of the painter's hand. And, more often, the poet handed it over to the painter, so that he could paint.'
It is not a good way to approach Gulácsy's pictures through the objects of the represented world or by the mechanical unstitch of the symbols. His art, which got inspiration from inner visions can only be revealed with the help of his individual point of view. His world is not represented by symbols borrowed from the history of culture ; the macrocosms is blossoming out in his intimate, individual existence by a multiple refraction of light. Examining the picture presented here Gulácsy's characteristic, autonomous universe is exposed. The scenes, the characters, the transient, vague forms, the quality of the forming of the surface are all individual initials which are very essential from the point of view of the interpretation. However, the picture is vivid and captivating even if one does not know anything about the novelistic elements of the picture and about the history of Gulácsy's world of conscious. It is informing the viewers about the depth where there is the root of every human. This projection of dreams, unconscious visions, hallucinations and imaginings are familiar to everybody; they are the common treasure of the collective unconscious.
Cafés played an important role in Gulácsy's life. It was a place where he could draw inspiration; the café as scene appeared several times in his pictures. The friends' literary portraits of him were usually sketched in this scenery as well. The artist's daydreaming spirit found this place, which was out of time and space, instinctively. The European carrier of the café became inseparable from the history of European art of the era. From the 18th century the institution of the café could not be separable from the myth of citizenry. While wine became the symbol of a peaceful life in the countryside, coffee represented the ceaselessness and bustle of the city. The visitors of a café did not hide from the world; they were sitting in huge shop-windows, they were contemplating the world from perfectly visible interiors. On the other hand, there was another aspect which was perhaps more important for Gulácsy; namely, that in a café the guests could take off their social status and could enter into a place where the hated rules of the outer world were not valid. This feeling appears in several poems of the period, where the café is represented as a ship which has its own rules and laws and where the passengers can forget about the burden of their lives and the passing of time.
The particular format of the picture, the unsubstantial bodies, the snowdrops and the pattern of the curtain all suggest the feeling of streaming and floating; this is a projection of an easily flying dream. By the chosen point of view, the painter is able to 'pull' the viewer into the intimate space of the picture. The oval onyx tables, the water-bottle with the glasses, the bentwood chairs which became the symbol of the era and the elegant guest wearing a bow tie, contemplating in his silent loneliness are all well-known characters of this inner, timeless world. Over the glass walls a fantastic, attractive world of wonders turns up. The first snow is always a beautiful experience; it evokes the light-hearted world of childhood. This is a magic that transubstantiates everything: the noise is softened, the tired grayness is away. In Gulácsy's picture the oranges are dangling like Christmas decorations; the sovereign vision creates a new order instead of the well-known rhythm of the seasons. The transgression of the laws of the real world is a returning element in Gulácsy's art. As he wrote: 'Sacred is the lie which is without an interest.'
His choice of topic, which is independent of the world of experiences in several elements, is accompanied by a characteristic forming. The mistakes made in the drawing and the autonomous distortion are applied consciously; they lift out the representation from the real and material, and put it into the dimension of dreams and free illusions. The painter refused the mechanic recreation of touchable forms, puts floating, whirling stains of colors onto the canvas and loosens the surface by small lines and dots. He writes somewhere that some parts of the picture are not elaborated or seem to be distorted, but this is the most valuable feature of a painting. He cites Giotto and Giorgione, who also applied this 'negligence' in their works.
Not like other pictures by Gulácsy, the painting presented here survived the last hundred years in a very good condition. The surfaces of the picture perfectly illustrates the painter's special method of creation. The floating, distorted forms were shaped not only by the brush but also by his fingers and the stem of the brush.
It is inevitable that the painting presented here is a masterpiece ... (Molnos Peter)
It is not a good way to approach Gulácsy's pictures through the objects of the represented world or by the mechanical unstitch of the symbols. His art, which got inspiration from inner visions can only be revealed with the help of his individual point of view. His world is not represented by symbols borrowed from the history of culture ; the macrocosms is blossoming out in his intimate, individual existence by a multiple refraction of light. Examining the picture presented here Gulácsy's characteristic, autonomous universe is exposed. The scenes, the characters, the transient, vague forms, the quality of the forming of the surface are all individual initials which are very essential from the point of view of the interpretation. However, the picture is vivid and captivating even if one does not know anything about the novelistic elements of the picture and about the history of Gulácsy's world of conscious. It is informing the viewers about the depth where there is the root of every human. This projection of dreams, unconscious visions, hallucinations and imaginings are familiar to everybody; they are the common treasure of the collective unconscious.
Cafés played an important role in Gulácsy's life. It was a place where he could draw inspiration; the café as scene appeared several times in his pictures. The friends' literary portraits of him were usually sketched in this scenery as well. The artist's daydreaming spirit found this place, which was out of time and space, instinctively. The European carrier of the café became inseparable from the history of European art of the era. From the 18th century the institution of the café could not be separable from the myth of citizenry. While wine became the symbol of a peaceful life in the countryside, coffee represented the ceaselessness and bustle of the city. The visitors of a café did not hide from the world; they were sitting in huge shop-windows, they were contemplating the world from perfectly visible interiors. On the other hand, there was another aspect which was perhaps more important for Gulácsy; namely, that in a café the guests could take off their social status and could enter into a place where the hated rules of the outer world were not valid. This feeling appears in several poems of the period, where the café is represented as a ship which has its own rules and laws and where the passengers can forget about the burden of their lives and the passing of time.
The particular format of the picture, the unsubstantial bodies, the snowdrops and the pattern of the curtain all suggest the feeling of streaming and floating; this is a projection of an easily flying dream. By the chosen point of view, the painter is able to 'pull' the viewer into the intimate space of the picture. The oval onyx tables, the water-bottle with the glasses, the bentwood chairs which became the symbol of the era and the elegant guest wearing a bow tie, contemplating in his silent loneliness are all well-known characters of this inner, timeless world. Over the glass walls a fantastic, attractive world of wonders turns up. The first snow is always a beautiful experience; it evokes the light-hearted world of childhood. This is a magic that transubstantiates everything: the noise is softened, the tired grayness is away. In Gulácsy's picture the oranges are dangling like Christmas decorations; the sovereign vision creates a new order instead of the well-known rhythm of the seasons. The transgression of the laws of the real world is a returning element in Gulácsy's art. As he wrote: 'Sacred is the lie which is without an interest.'
His choice of topic, which is independent of the world of experiences in several elements, is accompanied by a characteristic forming. The mistakes made in the drawing and the autonomous distortion are applied consciously; they lift out the representation from the real and material, and put it into the dimension of dreams and free illusions. The painter refused the mechanic recreation of touchable forms, puts floating, whirling stains of colors onto the canvas and loosens the surface by small lines and dots. He writes somewhere that some parts of the picture are not elaborated or seem to be distorted, but this is the most valuable feature of a painting. He cites Giotto and Giorgione, who also applied this 'negligence' in their works.
Not like other pictures by Gulácsy, the painting presented here survived the last hundred years in a very good condition. The surfaces of the picture perfectly illustrates the painter's special method of creation. The floating, distorted forms were shaped not only by the brush but also by his fingers and the stem of the brush.
It is inevitable that the painting presented here is a masterpiece ... (Molnos Peter)
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